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Say the edges of a 4 nodes graph are 0 1, 1 2 and 1 3.

The solution to the colouring problem can be 1,0,1,1 or 0,1,0,0, both are essentially the same. How I can model redundant constraints for this?

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  1. Search for symmetry breaking constraints. Here's a small but common example: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4415333/assymetric-graph-coloring-formulation

  2. Fix some variables. E.g. Greedily find the largest clique in your graph, and hard code the colors of the vertices in this clique.

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